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作者简介:

何大祥(1986-),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为油气地质学。E-mail: hedaxiang127@163.com。

通信作者:

吴珈仪(2002-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为油气地球化学。E-mail: wujiayi1719@163.com。

中图分类号:TE13

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1673-5005(2025)06-0055-10

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2025.06.005

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目录contents

    摘要

    目前关于煤系烃源岩中不同岩性烃源岩的生排烃对比研究较少,为了明确煤系不同岩性烃源岩的生排烃效率及压力对生排烃过程的影响,选取东海盆地平湖组暗色泥岩与碳质泥岩进行黄金管温压共控模拟试验,总结二者在各演化阶段产物的变化特征与排烃效率。结果表明:煤系暗色泥岩与碳质泥岩均具有油气兼生、早期生油、晚期持续生气的生烃特征,暗色泥岩最大生油量、最大排油量及排油效率与碳质泥岩相比均较低;随着热演化程度升高,煤系暗色泥岩与碳质泥岩在成熟度模拟计算指标easy Ro=1.07%时液态烃产量开始下降,气态烃产量增加;但在easy Ro>1.07%的阶段,暗色泥岩总烃产量仍呈增加的趋势,而碳质泥岩总烃产量已趋于平衡;暗色泥岩在easy Ro=0.69%时即到达排油效率的高峰,碳质泥岩排油效率在easy Ro=1.07%时开始下降;压力对easy Ro在0.51%~1.33%范围内样品的烃类生成影响不明显;但在easy Ro>2.06 %的阶段,压力抑制液态烃和气态烃生成,且随压力升高,抑制作用更加明显;此外压力对排油效率也具有一定的抑制作用,较低的压力(60 MPa)主要抑制高成熟样品的排油作用,较高的压力(大于120 MPa)在生油阶段便对排油作用产生明显的抑制作用。

    Abstract

    Comparative studies on the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of different lithologies within coal-bearing source rocks remain limited. In this study, a series of gold-tube simulations under controlled temperature and pressure conditions were conducted on dark mudstone and carbonaceous mudstone samples from the Pinghu Formation in the East China Sea Basin. The evolution of hydrocarbon products and expulsion efficiencies across various maturity stages for these two lithologies was systematically analyzed. The results indicate that both dark mudstone and carbonaceous mudstone exhibit characteristics of oil-gas co-generation, with oil generation occurring at early stages and continued gas generation at later stages. Dark mudstone displays lower maximum oil generation, oil expulsion, and expulsion efficiency than carbonaceous mudstone. As thermal maturity increases, liquid hydrocarbon production declines while gaseous hydrocarbon production increases when easy Ro>1.07%. The total hydrocarbon yield of dark mudstone continues to rise, whereas that of carbonaceous mudstone tends to stabilize. Notably, dark mudstone reaches its peak oil expulsion efficiency at easy Ro=0.69%, while that of carbonaceous mudstone begins to decline at easy Ro=1.07%. Pressure exerts minimal influence on hydrocarbon generation when easy Ro ranges from 0.51% to 1.33%. However, when easy Ro>2.06%, pressure inhibits both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon generation, with the inhibitory effect becoming more pronounced as pressure increases. Pressure also affects oil expulsion efficiency: moderate pressures (around 60 MPa) mainly suppress oil expulsion during the overmature stage, whereas higher pressures (>120 MPa) significantly reduce oil expulsion even during the main oil-generation stage.

  • 烃源岩的生烃能力与排烃(初次运移)效率是常规油气资源潜力评价的关键参数,也是预测含油气盆地油气资源评价工作中的重要环节,其受到烃源岩自身有机质丰度、类型、成熟度与热历史等多种因素影响[1-3]。在生烃过程中,温度和时间被认为是有机质成熟和烃类生成的重要控制因素[4]。压力在有机质的热演化、生排烃过程、页岩气的形成与深部油气的赋存中存在重大影响[5],随着油气地球化学的进展和油气勘探中实际问题的出现,压力所起的作用越来越受到重视[6]。但是在传统理论模型中,并没有明确说明压力在其中的作用,不同学者对压力在有机质成熟演化过程中的作用的看法并未形成统一的认识[7-8]。部分研究认为压力会抑制有机质成熟与生烃演化[9];另一些则认为压力对油气生成的影响有限或呈非线性关系[10-11]。地质条件下烃源岩生成、排出与滞留油气是一个漫长而又复杂的地质与物理-化学过程,烃源岩生排烃模拟试验已成为研究烃源岩生、排、滞油气机制的重要技术手段[12]。国内外油气地球化学研究者开展不同性质、成熟度和丰度的烃源岩的生排烃模拟试验研究,据此建立不同类型沉积有机质的油气演化模式,明确烃源岩产物在热演化过程中的变化规律[13-14],在评价沉积盆地的油气资源潜力方面起到重要的作用[15-17]。在有机质生烃演化过程中,生油、生气过程伴随发生,气态烃类的排烃过程与液态烃类完全不同。煤系烃源岩包含煤岩、碳质泥岩和泥岩,干酪根类型以Ⅲ型为主,是天然气的重要来源。目前已广泛开展煤系有机质的热演化生烃研究[18-19],不同学者进行不同煤岩组分生烃的模拟试验[20-21],在此之后展开对不同类型、不同成熟度的有机质在不同温压条件下以及有无催化剂的生排烃模拟试验研究[22-23]。中国多个主要含油气盆地(如渤海湾盆地、松辽盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地、塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地等)都发育暗色泥岩和碳质泥岩[24-25],具有较高生烃潜力,对于油气勘探至关重要,但对Ⅲ型暗色泥岩与碳质泥岩的生烃模式及排烃效率对比研究较少。因此笔者采用封闭体系高温高压黄金管热模拟试验,开展东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖组煤系暗色泥岩与碳质泥岩生排烃过程对比研究,揭示Ⅲ型干酪根不同岩性泥岩在不同温压条件下的生排烃特征差异,并分析压力对不同相态烃类产物的排出效率的影响,为该区油气资源评价提供更为可靠的依据。

  • 1 样品与模拟试验方法

  • 1.1 模拟试验样品

  • 生烃热模拟试验要求模拟样品的有机质丰度高且成熟度低,未熟最佳。2件平湖组煤系烃源岩试验样品采自东海盆地西湖凹陷PH5井(图1),编号分别为PH5-1(暗色泥岩,2983~3380 m)和PH5-2(碳质泥岩,3013~3571 m)。

  • 图1 西湖凹陷构造单元划分及采样位置示意图

  • Fig.1 Division of tectonic units in Xihu Sag and schematic diagram showing sampled location

  • 采用硫碳分析仪和Rock-Eval热解仪分析全岩样品的有机碳含量(TOC)和热解参数(游离烃S1、热解烃S2),并测定样品的镜质体反射率(表1)。其中TOC含量是区分二者岩性的代表性参数。

  • 表1 试验样品基础地球化学特征

  • Table1 Basic geochemical characteristics of experimental samples

  • 1.2 模拟试验方法

  • 采用黄金管全封闭模拟试验系统(图2),与半开放体系相比,本试验装置的最大优点在于比较接近实际地质温压条件,且可以将产物完全回收[26]。根据东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖组煤系地层埋藏史、热演化史、上覆地层密度特征等[27-28],结合金管全封闭模拟试验系统模拟温度、压力与成熟度之间匹配关系,在生油窗范围内拟定10组生排油模拟试验研究方案,根据easy Ro[29],由温度得到其对应的镜质体反射率,不同温度点对应不同的easy Ro(表2)。

  • 图2 黄金管模拟体系结构示意图

  • Fig.2 Schematic diagram of gold tube simulation

  • 表2 暗色泥岩与碳质泥岩各烃类组分随热演化变化数据

  • Table2 Hydrocarbon components of dark mudstone and carbonaceous mudstone change with thermal evolution

  • 将样品粉碎至187.5 μm,烃源岩和储层(粒度187.5~150 μm的石英砂)封闭在一根内径为5.5 mm,长度为60 mm的金管中,中间用硅酸盐纤维隔离层隔开(图3),模拟地层之间的隔离作用,有助于控制试验过程中油气的生成和排出,减少因金管内不同区域的温度和压力变化过大而产生误差。向金管外部施加指定压力,Ro随着温度的增高(样品热模拟温度范围为320~600℃)逐步变化。烃源岩生烃后,穿过隔离层向储层运移。烃类产物收集及具体试验步骤详见文献[2]

  • 图3 黄金管封装样品示意图

  • Fig.3 Schematic diagram of sample packaging in gold tube

  • 2 模拟试验结果

  • 样品近地质条件下热模拟试验的生排滞留油气产率结果见表2。排油效率和排烃效率的计算方式为:排油效率=已排油/总油; 排烃效率=(气体+已排油)/总烃。

  • PH5-1样品累积生成烃类2182.56 mg/g,其中气态烃为主,达到1784.38 mg/g,液态烃产量较低,为398.19 mg/g,约占18%,最大生油量为70.15 mg/g(对应easy Ro为1.33%),且排出油量较少,大部分为残留油。easy Ro达到1.66%后,气态烃生成量(82.35 mg/g)开始大于液态烃(69.15 mg/g)。样品总排烃量较高,累积排出烃类1833.65 mg/g,气态烃为主,排出的液态烃仅为49.27 mg/g,仅占约3%,残留于样品中的液态烃为348.92 mg/g,最大排油量为8.79 mg/g,对应easy Ro为1.33%。排烃效率随着Ro的升高而升高,未熟—低熟阶段排油效率逐渐升高,在easy Ro为0.72%处达到峰值,此后在成熟—过熟阶段排油效率略呈下降。

  • PH5-2样品累积生成烃类1340.07 mg/g,液态烃产量达到702.43 mg/g,约占52%,气态烃为637.63 mg/g,最大生油量为120.62 mg/g(对应easy Ro为1.33%),easy Ro达到2.06%后,气态烃生成量(123.34 mg/g)开始大于液态烃(77.34 mg/g)。样品的总排烃量较低,累积排出烃类869.56 mg/g,以气态烃为主,排出的液态烃为231.93 mg/g,约占27%,残留于样品中的液态烃为470.50 mg/g。最大排油量为43.48 mg/g,此时easy Ro为1.33%,在该成熟度之后生油量与排油量均有所下降。排烃效率随着Ro的升高而升高,未熟—成熟阶段排油效率逐渐升高,在easy Ro为1.66%处达到峰值,此后在高熟—过熟阶段排油效率略呈下降。

  • easy Ro达到1.33%时,PH5-1与PH5-2样品均达到最大生油量(分别为70.15 mg/g、120.62 mg/g)、最大排油量(分别为8.79 mg/g、43.48 mg/g)。但从排出油地球化学参数来看,此时PH5-1排出油的CPI(碳优势指数)与OEP(奇偶优势)值分别为1.21与1.13,PH5-2排出油的CPI与OEP值分别为1.11与1.07,指示相较于PH5-1暗色泥岩,PH5-2碳质泥岩达到最大生油量以及最大排油量时,热演化程度相对较高。当easy Ro达到0.72%时,PH5-1样品排油效率达到最大值,为18.62%;当 easy Ro达到1.66%时,PH5-2样品排油效率达到最大值,为44.55%。可以看出,暗色泥岩最大生油量、最大排油量及排油效率均较碳质泥岩低。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 两类煤系泥岩生排烃特征异同

  • 结合样品的生排烃模式图以及排出效率与Ro的关系图(图4~7),PH5-1样品排出的气态烃随着成熟度的升高呈现出明显的增长趋势,尤其在easy Ro超过1.0%之后,排气量急剧上升。液态烃曲线则相对较平稳,可以看出油的生成和排放主要集中在成熟度较低的阶段。排油效率在easy Ro为0.72%时达到峰值;排烃效率随着成熟度的增加迅速提升,easy Ro>2.0%时气态烃的排放效率接近100%。

  • 图4 PH5-1暗色泥岩生排烃模式

  • Fig.4 Oil generation and expulsion models of PH5-1 dark mudstone

  • 图5 PH5-1暗色泥岩排油及排烃效率变化

  • Fig.5 Variation of oil and hydrocarbon discharge efficiency of PH5-1 dark mudstone

  • 图6 PH5-2碳质泥岩生排烃模式

  • Fig.6 Oil generation and expulsion models of PH5-2 carbonaceous mudstone

  • 图7 PH5-2碳质泥岩排油及排烃效率变化

  • Fig.7 Variation of oil and hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of PH5-2 carbonaceous mudstone

  • PH5-2样品的气态烃随成熟度增加,同样显示出较快的增长。但与PH5-1样品相比,气态烃的生成速度较慢。液态烃的增长曲线同样平缓,油气生成的转化过程相对较为平稳。PH5-2样品的排油效率持续上升,并在easy Ro>3.0%时仍有一定的增加,显示出较强的油气生成能力;排烃效率在easy Ro=2.0%时达到峰值,且在之后呈现出较为平稳的趋势,低于PH5-1样品的最大排烃效率。

  • 可以看出,虽然暗色泥岩样品与碳质泥岩样品在总排烃量、残留油量、排油效率等方面都具有较大差异,但其最大排油量所对应的easy Ro相同。据产物定量结果总结出煤系泥岩生排烃总体特征(图8)为:①未熟—低熟阶段,样品随着成熟度升高开始生油,但此时尚未开始排油;②成熟阶段,生油量迅速上升,开始排油,在Ro约为0.8%时,有气态烃生成,并迅速上升;③高熟阶段,在Ro达到1.3%之后,生油量开始缓慢下降,生成气量上升,并随着成熟度升高,排油量逐渐降低,该阶段样品排出油量低于残留油; ④过熟阶段,以生气为主,生油为辅,并随着成熟度升高,气的产量上升,油的产量开始下降,排出油产量也随之下降,此时生成的油基本残留于样品之中。

  • 图8 西湖凹陷平湖组煤系烃源岩生排烃模型构建

  • Fig.8 Construction of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion models of Pinghu Formation in Xihu Sag

  • 二者的生排烃特征差异性为PH5-1样品累积生成烃类总量较高,其中液态烃占比较低,总排烃量较高,且以气态烃为主,液态烃占比较低,残余液态烃占比高,排烃高峰出现较早,具“早生早排”的特点。

  • 显微组分的差异导致煤系碳质泥岩和暗色泥岩具有不同生排烃模式[30-31],两者的显微组分成分总体以镜质组和惰质组为主,腐泥组和壳质组含量较低,陆源有机质生源占优势。以树脂体等壳质组母质居多的煤系烃源岩利于形成以液态烃为主的轻质油藏,以基质镜质体和均质镜质体母质为主的煤系烃源岩利于形成以气态烃为主的凝析气藏[32],且树脂体生烃潜量非常高,具有不经过干酪根阶段而很早生油的特点(Ro约为0.4%)[33]

  • 两种类型泥岩的生排烃模式的差异主要体现在生油门限及排烃高峰,分析认为与其显微组分的差异有关。PH5-1样品富氢显微组分壳质组含量较高,质量分数大于15%,且树脂体含量高于孢粉体、木栓质体等其他组分,生油门限较低,具早期生油的能力,在easy Ro=0.72%时便达到排油效率峰值(18.6%)(表2),此后排油效率略有下降,且保持在较低的水平,而样品主要生成气态烃类,因此排出烃类主要为气态,排烃效率随着Ro的升高由快速增大渐变为缓慢增大,最终趋于定值。

  • 3.2 压力对生排烃的影响

  • 多项研究表明,压力在有机质的热演化、生排烃过程与深部油气的赋存中存在重大影响[34-35],但是在传统理论模型中,并没有明确说明压力在其中的作用,这就使得不同学者对压力在有机质成熟演化过程中的作用的看法没有统一的认识,如压力对有机质热演化及油气生成无明显影响[36],压力的增加促进油气的生成和石油裂解[37],压力的增加会延迟有机质演化并抑制油气的生成[38]。近年来,深层、超深层油气勘探领域持续获得突破[39],但对于与压力在不同成熟阶段对烃类生成和排放的作用机制的研究较少,在理论方面也亟需进一步明确深层高温高压环境烃源岩生烃机制,明确压力对有机质演化的作用。因此开展PH5-2碳质泥岩在不同压力条件下(30、60、90、120、150 MPa)的温压共控生排烃模拟试验,温度点设置如表2所示。这些压力点虽然无法完全准确地反映实际地质条件中的压力情况,但具有一定的代表性,可用于模拟不同地质条件下的压力环境,分析其排烃过程的影响。

  • easy Ro处于0.51%~2.06%时,压力对总烃量生成的影响不明显,但进入过成熟阶段后,压力抑制总烃的生成(图9(a))。当easy Ro处于0.51%~1.33%时,压力对液态烃的生成影响不明显,但是在高熟阶段,压力抑制液态烃的生成,这可能是由于压力延迟有机质的热演化,并增加裂解气生成的反向抑制作用[40];当easy Ro处于0.51%~2.06%时(图9(b)),压力对气态烃的生成影响不明显,但是在过熟阶段,压力抑制气态烃的生成,且随着压力升高,压力对气态烃生成的抑制作用越明显(图9(c)),可能与高压环境下分子运动和反应动力学的限制有关。从数值来看,easy Ro为3.87%时,120 MPa相对于90 MPa生成烃类减少的量(6.25 mg/g)要明显低于150 MPa相对于120 MPa减少的量(25.5 mg/g)(图9(a))。

  • 在压力为30、60、90 MPa下,样品的排出油(图10(a))、残留油(图10(b))产量相差不大。easy Ro=2.06%时,可见压力升高对油的排出有明显的抑制作用,而在120 MPa与150 MPa的高压下,压力对油排出在成熟阶段有明显的抑制作用,可能与液态烃在高压环境下的高黏度和低可压缩性有关。由此可知压力会抑制油的排出,且在外部压力较低时(60 MPa),主要抑制过成熟阶段的排油作用,当外部压力较高时(大于120 MPa),在生油阶段便对排油作用产生明显的抑制作用。压力对于排烃效率的影响相对较小,未熟—成熟阶段,随压力升高,排烃效率整体呈现下降趋势。但easy Ro>2.06%时(图10(a)),排烃效率变化并不明显,可知压力对气态烃的排出抑制作用不明显。但压力对排油效率有明显的抑制作用,高压条件通过增大反应焓变和减小反应熵变,抑制液态烃的生成与排出[41]。尤其是easy Ro>1.07%且液态烃达到一定产量时,压力增加导致排油效率明显降低(图11(b))。高压环境下的资源评价应重点关注液态烃的滞留与气态烃的生成效率。

  • 图9 PH5-2碳质泥岩温压共控模拟试验产总烃、总油、气态烃演化

  • Fig.9 Evolution diagram of hydrocarbon, oil, and gas yield in temperature and pressure simulation experiments of PH5-2 carbonaceous mudstone

  • 图10 PH5-2碳质泥岩温压共控模拟试验排出油与残留油产率变化

  • Fig.10 Evolution diagram of expelled oil and residual oil in temperature and pressure simulation experiments of PH5-2 carbonaceous mudstone

  • 图11 PH5-2碳质泥岩温压共控模拟试验排烃与排油效率变化

  • Fig.11 Evolution diagram of hydrocarbon and oil expulsion in temperature and pressure simulation experiments of PH5-2 carbonaceous mudstone

  • 4 结论

  • (1)煤系暗色泥岩与碳质泥岩均具有油气兼生、早期生油、晚期持续生气的生烃特征,但暗色泥岩最大生油量、最大排油量及排油效率均较碳质泥岩低。

  • (2)生源构成的差异导致2种类型烃源岩具有不同的生排烃模式,二者排油量随着生油量的升高均升高。暗色泥岩具“早生早排”的特点,在刚刚进入成熟阶段即到排油效率的高峰,碳质泥岩排油率在进入高成熟阶段开始下降。

  • (3)随着热演化程度升高,二者演化到高成熟阶段后液态烃产量开始下降,气态烃产量均增加,暗色泥岩总烃产量仍呈增加的趋势,碳质泥岩总烃产量趋于平衡。

  • (4)压力对未熟—成熟阶段烃类的生成影响不明显。在高熟阶段,压力抑制液态烃的生成;在过熟阶段,压力抑制气态烃的生成,且随着压力升高,压力对气态烃生成的抑制作用越明显。压力对排油效率具有一定的抑制作用,外部压力较低时,主要抑制过成熟阶段的排油作用,当外部压力较高时,在生油阶段便对排油作用产生明显的抑制作用。

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