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枯竭页岩气藏地热开发潜力及不同闭式系统注水循环采热效率分析

  • 王延永1,2,3
  • ， 赵亮洁1
  • ， 徐睿1
  • ， 王晓光1,2,3
  • ， 何勇明1,2
  • ， 董丽瑶4

1. 成都理工大学能源学院，四川成都 610059； 2. 油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室（成都理工大学），四川成都 610059； 3. 天府永兴实验室，四川成都 610217； 4. 成都理工大学地球与行星科学学院，四川成都 610059；

Assessment of geothermal resources in depleted shale gas reservoirs and production efficiency of differentclosed-loop systems by water circulation

  • WANG Yanyong1,2,3
  • ， ZHAO Liangjie1
  • ， XU Rui1
  • ， WANG Xiaoguang1,2,3
  • ， HE Yongming1,2
  • ， DONG Liyao4

1. College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059 , China； 2. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation(Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059 , China； 3. Tianfu Yongxing Laboratory, Chengdu 610217 , China； 4. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059 , China；

作者简介:

王延永（1991-），男，研究员，博士，硕士生导师，研究方向为地热能开发与利用、CO2资源化利用与地质封存。E-mail: wangyanyong@cdut.edu.cn。

通信作者:

王晓光（1988-），男，教授，博士，博士生导师，研究方向为地热能开发、地质固碳。E-mail: wangxiaoguang@cdut.edu.cn。

中图分类号:TE09;P314

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1673-5005(2025)06-0116-09

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2025.06.011

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目录contents

    摘要

    四川盆地深层页岩气藏蕴含丰富的地热资源，其中3个典型页岩储层的地热资源总量达1.84×1013 GJ，可采地热资源量为9.22×1011 GJ，折合标准煤3.15×1010 t。为探究枯竭页岩气藏地热能高效开采方式，以焦石坝区块志留系龙马溪组泥页岩储层及其开采水平井为基础，构建单水平井同轴与双水平井改造复杂结构井的闭式循环采热模型，结合有限元模拟分析不同系统采热效果，探究井网结构与注采参数的影响规律。结果表明：在水循环速率为1500 m3/d、注入温度为20 ℃、单水平段长度为1500 m、水泥环热导率为1.5 W/(m·K)条件下，水平井同轴系统运行初期井口水温为60.63 ℃，采热功率为2948.91 kW；复杂结构井同期井口水温为65.81 ℃，采热功率为3325.64 kW；循环采热10 a后，两类系统井口水温分别降至40.0和49.14 ℃，采热功率分别降至1451.40和2114.77 kW，复杂结构井采热效果更优；此外，水循环速率提升会降低井口水温但提高采热功率，注入温度增加可提高井口水温，但降低采热功率，水平段长度增加则能有效提高井口水温与采热功率。

    Abstract

    Deep shale gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin possess abundant geothermal potentials. For instance, a total geothermal energy from three typical shale reservoirs has been estimated at 1.84×1013 GJ, with a recoverable portion of 9.22×1011 GJ, equivalent to 3.15×1010 t of standard coal. In this study, different closed-loop heat extraction models were developed, including a single horizontal well (coaxial system) and a dual-horizontal well retrofitted into a complex structured system for extracting geothermal energy from depleted shale gas reservoirs, based on the Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Jiaoshiba area. Finite-element simulations were performed to evaluate the well performance and examine the effects of well configuration and operational parameters. The simulation results indicate that, under conditions of a 1500 m3/d water circulation rate at 20 ℃ injection temperature, and with 1500 m horizontal section and cement sheath thermal conductivity of 1.5 W/(m·K), the coaxial system initially can obtain a wellhead outlet temperature of 60.63 ℃ and a heat extraction rate of 2948.91 kW, while that of the complex structured well can achieve 65.81 ℃ and 3325.64 kW, respectively. After 10 years of operation, the wellhead temperature and heat extraction rate may decline to 40.00 ℃ and 1451.40 kW for the coaxial system, and to 49.14 ℃ and 2114.77 kW for the complex structured well, demonstrating the superior performance of the latter well configuration. Increasing the water circulation rate can enhance the heat output but lower the outlet temperature, and higher injection temperature can raise outlet temperature but reduce heat extraction rate. Longer horizontal section length can effectively improve the both production parameters.

  • 地热能作为储量丰富、分布广泛且稳定可靠的清洁可再生能源，其大规模高效开发对中国实现“双碳”目标意义重大[1-2]。高温油气藏伴生丰富的地热资源，改造废停油气井开采地热可显著降低成本。王社教等[3]评价国内11个主要含油气盆地，发现其地热可采资源总量达47.68×1018 J/a，证实中国油气田伴生地热开发前景广阔。油气田伴生地热开采分开式和闭式取热两类。开式系统采热功率较高，可行性已获验证[4]，学者们围绕效率提升开展研究。任韶然等[5]提出超临界CO2开采高温废弃气藏地热，Wang等[6]验证CO2开采高温热储潜力，宋先知等[7]分析枯竭油藏储层物性与层间干扰对采热的影响，但开式系统可能存在回灌压力高、结垢及腐蚀等问题[8]。闭式系统因“取热不取水”、可控性强，可解决上述难题。传统同轴换热技术研究较为成熟，但采热功率偏低。学者们探索优化路径，Wang等[9]分析水热型热储水平井同轴系统采热性能。Ma等[10]、Wei等[11]、Liu等[12]探究井布局、注入参数对U型井的影响。有学者提出了更为复杂的井型，以增加井筒与热储的接触面积，提高采热功率。Liao等[13]、Wang等[14]提出更多分支井型以提升采热功率。非常规页岩气藏埋藏深，储层温度高[15]，伴生地热资源丰富，且现有水平井水平段长，改造后可强化闭式循环采热效果。目前针对其采热潜力及方法的研究仍较匮乏。笔者先评价四川盆地典型页岩气藏地热资源量以明确开发价值，再结合枯竭页岩气藏水平井结构特征，提出新型双水平井转复杂结构井的闭式采热系统。通过有限元数值模拟，验证该系统的可行性及井身结构与注采参数对采热效果的影响规律。

  • 1 典型页岩气藏地热资源量评价

  • 考虑页岩储层的致密特征，运用经典单元体积法[16]对四川盆地内代表性页岩气藏开展地热资源评价，

  • Q=ρrcrAD(1-φ)T-T0+ρwcwADφT-T0.
    (1)

  • 式中，Q为地热资源量，J；ρr和ρw分别为页岩和地层水密度，kg/m3；cr和cw分别为页岩和地层水的比热容，J/（kg·℃）；A为热储面积，m2；D为热储厚度，m；φ为页岩孔隙度；T为热储温度，℃；T0为基准温度，℃。

  • 可采地热资源量QR计算式为

  • QR=RQ.
    (2)

  • 式中，R为可采系数，根据热储岩性、孔隙度确定，由于页岩储层较为致密，孔隙度较小，评价中可采系数取5%。

  • 设定页岩基质孔隙度为0.02，岩石密度为2600 kg/m3，比热容为1180 J/（kg·℃），计算四川盆地3个典型页岩储层的地热资源量，结果如表1[17-24]所示。

  • 以上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层为例，其地热资源量达1.09×1013 GJ，可采地热资源量为5.45×1011 GJ，折合标准煤1.86×1010 t。3个典型页岩气藏兼具体积大、温度高的特点，可采地热资源标准煤当量超109 t。在页岩气藏开发末期，通过改造现有井型井网，调整地面集输管线，开发伴生地热资源潜力显著。

  • 表1 四川盆地典型页岩储层地热资源量

  • Table1 Geothermal resource of typical shale formations in Sichuan Basin

  • 2 废停页岩气井闭式水循环采热评价模型

  • 页岩气开采结束后，可利用废弃井改造构建水平井同轴或复杂结构井闭式循环采热系统。由于页岩气井多采用分段压裂，套管和井筒常出现变形或坍塌，改造前需结合井筒完整性评价进行筛选，并视情况实施通井或侧钻。同轴系统通过封隔压裂段、安装内管与封隔器形成密闭回路，工质经环空注入、内管回流实现采热；复杂结构井在平行水平井趾端侧钻，通过封闭压裂段构建闭合回路。两种系统均充分利用水平段，为工质提供长程换热通道。为评价其采热性能及影响因素，以涪陵页岩气田焦石坝区块为对象，结合地温场与岩石热物性参数，建立枯竭页岩气藏同轴与双水平井改造系统的闭式循环采热数值模型。

  • 2.1 基本假设

  • （1）依据区块地质特征，将研究区地层按岩性划分为5层，各层厚度均匀，热物性参数一致。

  • （2）以水为循环工质，运行过程中保持液态，其密度、比定压热容和热导率均为温度的函数，如图1所示。

  • （3）热储内部以热传导为主导，不考虑地下水渗流影响。

  • （4）井筒及回填材料均视为均质、各向同性介质，物性参数恒定。

  • 图1 不同温度下水的热导率、比定压热容及密度

  • Fig.1 Thermal conductivity, specific heat at constant pressure and density of water under different temperature conditions

  • 2.2 闭式水循环采热数学模型

  • 在闭式循环采热过程中，水的连续性方程和动量方程[25-26]可表示为

  • ∂ρw∂t+∇⋅ρwuw=0,
    (3)
  • ρw∂uw∂t+ρwuw⋅∇uw=-∇p-fDρw2dhuwuw+F.
    (4)

  • 其中

  • fD=88Re12+cA+cB-1.51/12,

  • cA=-2.457ln⁡7Re0.9+0.27edh16,

  • cB=37530Re16.

  • 式中，uw为水的速度矢量，m/s；fD为达西摩擦因子；p为循环水的压力，Pa；dh为管道平均水力直径，m；F为体积力，N/m3；Re为雷诺数；e为管道表面粗糙度，m；式（4）右侧第二项为黏性剪切引起的压降。

  • 在闭式水循环采热过程中，储层岩石内热传递主要通过热传导，在不考虑岩石内部热源情况下，能量守恒方程[27]为

  • ρrcpr∂T∂t=∇⋅λr∇Tr.
    (5)

  • 式中，cpr为岩石比定压热容，J/（kg·℃）；Tr为岩石温度，K；λr为岩石热导率，W/（m·℃）。

  • 利用水作为携热工质进行闭式循环采热。运行过程中将其视为不可压缩流体，考虑黏性剪切产生的摩擦耗散热，能量守恒方程[28-29]为

  • ρwAcpw∂T∂t+ρwAcwuw⋅∇T=∇⋅Aλw∇T+

  • fDρwA2dhuw3+Qwall.
    (6)

  • 其中

  • Qwall= (hZ) effText-T,

  • (hZ) eff=2π1r0hint+1rNhext+∑i=1N ln⁡riri-1ki.

  • 式中，cpw为水的比定压热容，J/（kg·℃）；T为水的温度，℃；λw为水的热导率，W/（m·℃）；Qwall为管壁与储层岩石的热交换；（hZ）eff为总传热系数h的有效值与管道湿周Z的乘积，W/（m·℃）；Text为管道外温度，℃；r0为内管半径; hint和hext分别为管内外侧薄膜传热系数，W/（m2·℃）；rN为壁层外半径，m。

  • 2.3 初始条件与边界条件

  • 根据研究区实际地质条件，设置模型初始温度和压力场。地温场初始化基于焦石坝南部构造区白马向斜带J01井的地温曲线[30]（图2），其中3000 m以内地层采用实测温度，3000~4000 m区间温度由地温梯度推算。地层压力按静水压力分布初始化。闭式循环采热过程中，换热井壁导热性能良好且无射孔，注入流体温度与流量保持恒定，模型外边界不考虑与周围地层的流体或热量交换。

  • 图2 全地层模型地温曲线和初始地温场分布

  • Fig.2 Reference temperature profile for formation and initial temperature distribution

  • 2.4 模型参数与采热方案设置

  • 结合研究区地质条件与水平井结构特征，建立尺寸为 4000 m×1000 m×4000 m的闭式循环采热数值模型。各层岩石热物性参数[30-32]见表2。采热目的层为志留系龙马溪组泥页岩储层，垂深3522.04 m，造斜段长度为90.22 m。水平井套管内径为226.16 mm、厚度为9.17 mm；同轴井内管内径为102 mm、厚度为3.84 mm。套管热导率取41 W/（m·℃），内管热导率为0.5 W/（m·℃）。井筒外包覆4 cm厚水泥环，热导率为1.5 W/（m·℃）。为避免边界效应对采热结果的干扰，水平井两端与x方向模型边界的最小距离分别为1306 和1194 m；井段所在平面距z方向底边界377.96 m；同轴井距y方向边界500 m，复杂结构井间距300 m，任一水平井与y方向边界的最小距离为350 m。

  • 表2 不同层段岩石物性参数

  • Table2 Physical parameters for different rocks

  • 为分析井身结构与注采参数对采热性能的影响，设计典型生产条件下的采热方案（表3）。基础工况中，循环水量为1500 m3/d，注入温度为20℃，水平段长度为1500 m，水泥环热导率为1.5 W/（m·℃）。为评价系统长期运行特性，模拟时长设定为10 a。

  • 表3 不同采热模拟方案的参数设计

  • Table3 Parameter setting for different simulation schemes

  • 2.5 数值求解与模型验证

  • 针对建立的闭式水循环采热数学模型，采用有限元法进行数值求解。储层采用四面体单元离散，循环井采用边单元网格。为验证模型的可靠性，参考河北工程大学中深层U型井采热试验建立对比模型。该试验井深2500 m，井底取热段长度为684 m，其余参数见文献[33]。试验以水为工质，注入温度为10℃，循环流量为70 m3/h，运行时间720 h。将模拟出口温度与实测数据进行对比（图3），720 h时实测出口温度为19.98℃，模拟值为21.15℃，最大误差为5.5%。结果表明，模型计算结果与现场试验吻合良好，验证了数值模型的准确性。

  • 图3 中深层U型井采热试验实测数据与模型计算结果对比

  • Fig.3 Comparison of numerical simulation results with field measured data of middle-deep U-shaped well

  • 3 模拟结果

  • 3.1 水平井同轴和复杂结构井闭式循环采热效果对比

  • 基于建立的模型，对枯竭页岩气藏中水平井同轴与复杂结构井的闭式水循环采热性能进行模拟分析，水循环速率为1500 m3/d，注入温度为20℃，水平段长度为1500 m，水泥环热导率为1.5 W/（m·℃），结果如图4所示。同轴水平井系统运行初期井口水温为60.63℃，采热功率为2948.91 kW；复杂结构井系统初始井口水温为65.81℃，采热功率为3325.64 kW。经过10 a循环运行后，同轴系统井口水温降至40.00℃，采热功率降至1451.40 kW；复杂结构井井口水温为49.14℃，较同轴系统高9.14℃，采热功率为2114.77 kW，提升45.71%。两种系统均充分利用页岩气水平井的长井段特征，在高流量运行下实现了高效换热；相比之下，复杂结构井依托双水平井形成的超长回路，可显著提高井口水温与采热功率，表现出更优的采热性能。

  • 图4 水平井同轴与双水平井改造复杂结构井闭式系统采热效果对比

  • Fig.4 Comparison of heat mining performance of coaxial horizontal well and complex structure well with closed-loop systems

  • 3.2 水循环速率对采热效果的影响

  • 注水温度为20℃，水平段长度为1500 m，水泥环热导率为1.5 W/（m·℃），对不同循环速率下两类系统的井口水温与采热功率进行对比（图5）。结果表明，随着循环速率由1000 m3/d增至2000 m3/d，井口水温逐渐降低，而采热功率显著提高。循环10 a后，同轴井井口水温由46.67℃降至37.24℃，采热功率由1290.53 kW增至1668.58 kW；复杂结构井井口水温由57.34℃降至43.69℃，采热功率由1807.00 kW增至2292.76 kW。在工程应用中应综合考虑地面热负荷需求与系统供热能力，优化循环流量以实现最佳采热效果。

  • 3.3 注水温度对采热效果的影响

  • 水循环速率为1500 m3/d，水平段长度为1500 m，水泥环热导率为1.5 W/（m·℃），不同注水温度条件下两类系统的井口水温与采热功率变化如图6所示。结果表明，随着注水温度由15℃升高至30℃，井口热水温度明显升高，而采热功率随之降低。循环运行10 a后，同轴水平井井口水温由36.43℃升至47.11℃，采热功率由1556.11 kW降至1241.69 kW；复杂结构井井口水温由46.63℃升至54.13℃，采热功率由2296.24 kW降至1751.01 kW。可见，较高的注水温度虽能提高出水温度，但会削弱水与储层间的温差，降低换热效率。因此闭式循环系统中应合理控制注水温度，以实现稳定高效的采热效果。

  • 图5 循环速率对采热效果的影响

  • Fig.5 Influence of circulation rate on heat mining performance

  • 图6 注入温度对采热效果的影响

  • Fig.6 Influence of injection temperature on heat mining performance

  • 3.4 水平段长度对采热效果的影响

  • 水循环速率为1500 m3/d，注水温度为20℃，水泥环热导率为1.5 W/（m·℃），不同水平段长度下两类系统的出口水温与采热功率变化如图7所示。结果表明，随着水平段长度由1000 m延长至2000 m，循环运行10 a后，同轴水平井井口水温由37.05℃升至42.67℃，采热功率由1237.54 kW增至1645.12 kW；复杂结构井井口水温由45.60℃升至52.52℃，采热功率由1857.61 kW增至2360.34 kW。可见，延长水平段可显著提高井筒换热面积，从而提升井口温度与采热功率。在工程实践中，通过改造长水平段页岩气井建立闭式循环系统，可有效增强地热能提取能力。

  • 3.5 水泥环热导率对采热效果的影响

  • 水循环速率为1500 m3/d，注水温度为20℃，水平段长度为1500 m，不同热导率条件下两类闭式系统的井口水温与采热功率变化如图8所示。结果表明，随着水泥环热导率由0.5 W/（m·℃）增至2.5 W/（m·℃），循环采热10 a后，同轴水平井井口水温由37.46℃升至40.61℃，采热功率由1267.08 kW增至1495.95 kW；复杂结构井井口水温由44.49℃升至50.25℃，采热功率由1777.31 kW升至2195.62 kW。两类系统的热性能随水泥环热导率升高呈非线性增强，主要源于高热导率提升了井筒—地层界面的传热效率。然而，现有页岩气井使用的固井材料并未针对采热功能进行优化，其导热性能有限。在实际应用中，可通过采用高导热水泥或复合填充材料等措施，进一步提高闭式循环系统的换热效率。

  • 图7 水平段长度对采热效果的影响规律

  • Fig.7 Influence of horizontal section length on heat mining performance

  • 图8 水泥环热导率对采热效果的影响

  • Fig.8 Influence of cement thermal conductivity on heat mining performance

  • 4 结论

  • （1）由静态体积法计算得到四川盆地3个典型页岩气藏的可采地热资源量为9.22×1011 GJ，折合标准煤3.15×1010 t，通过改造现有废停水平井开采页岩气藏伴生地热能具有良好前景。

  • （2）在高循环流量为1500 m3/d、注入温度为20℃、单水平段长度为1500 m及水泥环热导率为1.5 W/（m·℃）条件下，复杂结构井系统的采热性能显著优于同轴水平井系统。

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    • [26] CHURCHILL S W.Friction-factor equation spans all fluid-flow regimes[J].Chemical Engineering(New York),1977,84(24):91-92.

    • [27] BERGMAN T L,LAVINE A S,INCROPERA F P,et al.Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer[M].NJ:John Wiley & Sons,2011:74-77.

    • [28] LURIE P D M V.Modeling of oil product and gas pipeline transportation[M].Weinheim:Wiley-Vch,2008:20-30.

    • [29] SUN L,WANG L,ZHAO X,et al.Performance and economic analysis of closed-loop heat extraction by retrofitting abandoned vertical oil wells into U-shaped wells[J].Journal of Energy Engineering,2025,151(5):04025047.

    • [30] 李春荣,饶松,胡圣标,等.川东南焦石坝页岩气区现今地温场特征[J].地球物理学报,2017,60(2):617-627.LI Chunrong,RAO Song,HU Shengbiao,et al.Present-day geothermal field of the Jiaoshiba shale gas area in southeast of the Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2017,60(2):617-627.

    • [31] 高树生,胡志明,安为国,等.四川盆地龙王庙组气藏白云岩储层孔洞缝分布特征[J].天然气工业,2014,34(3):103-109.GAO Shusheng,HU Zhiming,AN Weiguo,et al.Distribution characteristics of dolomite reservoir pores and caves of Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(3):103-109.

    • [32] 聂海宽,李沛,党伟,等.四川盆地及周缘奥陶系-志留系深层页岩气富集特征与勘探方向[J].石油勘探与开发,2022,49(4):648-659.NIE Haikuan,LI Pei,DANG Wei,et al.Enrichment characteristics and exploration directions of deep shale gas of Ordovician-Silurian in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas,China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2022,49(4):648-659.

    • [33] 李俊岩.中深层地热用深U型地埋管换热器取热特性研究[D].邯郸:河北工程大学,2021.LI Junyan.Study on heat extraction characteristics of vertical deep-buried U-bend pipe heat exchangers for middle-deep geothermal[D].Handan:Hebei University of Engineering,2021.

  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: TE09;P314
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2025.06.011
    文章编号: 1673-5005(2025)06-0116-09

    基金信息

    四川省科技计划项目（2021ZYCD004）；
    天府永兴实验室有组织科研项目（2023KJGG013，2023KJGG14）；
    成都理工大学珠峰科学研究计划项目（80000-2024ZF11424)；

    引用信息

    王延永，赵亮洁，徐睿，等.枯竭页岩气藏地热开发潜力及不同闭式系统注水循环采热效率分析[J].开云电竞投注学报（自然科学版），2025,49（6）：116-124.

    WANG Yanyong, ZHAO Liangjie, XU Rui, et al. Assessment of geothermal resources in depleted shale gas reservoirs and production efficiency of different closed-loop systems by water circulation[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2025,49(6):116-124.

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2025-02-15

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