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致密油藏水力压裂后水锁形成及演化规律

  • 刘峻嵘1,2
  • ， 何凯宁1,2
  • ， 刘树阳1,2
  • ， 孟思炜3,4
  • ， 张登峰1,2
  • ， 孙文跃1,2

1. 开云电竞投注（华东）石油工程学院，山东青岛 266580； 2. 非常规油气开发教育部重点实验室(开云电竞投注(华东))，山东青岛 266580； 3. 中国石油勘探开发研究院，北京 100083； 4. 多资源协同陆相页岩油绿色开采全国重点实验室，黑龙江大庆 163712；

Water blockage occurrence and evolution dynamics in tight oil reservoirs in post-hydraulic fracturing

  • LIU Junrong1,2
  • ， HE Kaining1,2
  • ， LIU Shuyang1,2
  • ， MENG Siwei3,4
  • ， ZHANG Dengfeng1,2
  • ， SUN Wenyue1,2

1. School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580 , China； 2. Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580 , China； 3. PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083 , China； 4. State Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil, Daqing 163712 , China；

作者简介:

刘峻嵘（1991-），男，副教授，博士，硕士生导师，研究方向为非常规油气开发、提高采收率、油藏渗流机理。E-mail: liujunrong@upc.edu.cn。

通信作者:

孙文跃（1990-），男，教授，博士，博士生导师，研究方向为智能油气田开发理论与技术、非常规油气开采机理与模拟。E-mail: wenyue@upc.edu.cn。

中图分类号:TE348

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1673-5005(2025)06-0152-10

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2025.06.015

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目录contents

    摘要

    为探究致密油藏水力压裂后水锁形成及演化规律，构建焖-排-产一体化物理模拟平台，模拟压裂后焖井、返排、生产全生命周期，利用核磁共振技术表征压裂液在裂缝-基质系统内的运移规律。结果表明：压裂液主要侵入基质中、大孔，在裂缝面形成高含水区；裂缝与基质间毛管力不连续导致的末端效应是水锁形成的主要机制；返排阶段水锁可部分解除，主要分为快速解锁期、缓慢解锁期和稳定水锁期；快速解锁期是生产压差主导的，排驱大孔内压裂液使产油速率部分恢复；缓慢解锁期是由毛管力主导作用，将缝面处压裂液反向运移至基质深部、大孔内压裂液向小孔迁移这两类机制实现水锁解除；焖井会削弱返排期自发解锁能力，加剧稳定水锁伤害；提高生产压差可减弱末端效应，增强自发解锁，改善油相渗流并提升产油速率。

    Abstract

    In order to investigates the occurrence and evolution of water blockage in tight oil reservoirs following hydraulic fracturing, integrated core experiments were carried out in this study, which can simulate the entire lifecycle of post-fracturing process, including soaking, flowback, and production. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique was employed to visualize the migration of fracturing fluid within the fracture-matrix system. The experimental results show that fracturing fluid predominantly invades the medium and large pores of the reservoir matrix, creating areas with high-water saturation near the fracture surfaces. The primary mechanism behind water blockage occurrence is identified as the capillary end effect, which results from capillary discontinuity between the matrix and the fractures. During the flowback stage of fracturing fluid, water blockage can be partially alleviated, occurring in three phases: a rapid unlocking period, a slow unlocking period, and a stable locking period. The rapid unlocking period is driven by pressure differentials, allowing partial restoration of oil production as the fracturing fluid drains from large pores. During the slow unlocking period, capillary forces predominate, moving the fluid from larger to smaller pores and deeper into the matrix to release the blockage. Implementing longer soaking period can hinder the spontaneous release of water blockage during the flowback stage and exacerbate its damaging effects. Conversely, increasing the pressure differential can enhance the spontaneous release of water blockage, weaken the capillary end effect, expand the oil phase’s stable seepage channels, and ultimately improve the oil production rate.

  • 致密油作为重要的非常规资源，是接替常规油气能源、保障中国能源安全的重要力量[1-3]。但由于其储层“低孔低渗”的特点，一般采用水平井水力压裂改造储层[4-6]。水力压裂过程中，数万立方米的压裂液被泵入地层，形成大规模的人工裂缝并激活天然裂缝，增强储层的导流能力[7-9]；但这一过程也导致压裂液侵入基质，引起裂缝-基质面含水饱和度升高[10-12]。在生产阶段，侵入相滞留在基质内，形成水相圈闭，降低油相渗透率，抑制单井产能，造成水锁伤害[13-16]。基于水力压裂工艺特点，现场采用焖井将滞留在裂缝-基质面的水相通过毛管力渗吸进入储层深处，以降低水侵区域内的平均含水饱和度，实现水锁的自动解除，提高油气相对渗透率[17-22]。但由于基质渗透率低，渗吸速率慢，焖井时间往往需要几个月甚至1年，生产效率低[23-25]。此外，与前人室内研究不同，实际焖井中裂缝高压压裂液会持续渗入基质，反而会加剧水锁伤害[26-28]。在生产阶段，侵入相受生产压差作用被驱出而渗吸作用仍会持续进行，进而改变侵入相在基质内的赋存状态，水锁会不断演化，最终影响油相渗透率和产油规律。目前，研究大多针对焖井阶段，对于生产阶段多种因素主导的基质内侵入相运移以及水锁动态演化鲜有研究。笔者研发一套焖-排-产一体化物理模拟平台，采用在线NMR技术监测致密油岩心内部流体在侵入、焖井、返排全生命周期中的运移，深入探究致密油藏水力压裂后油水两相孔隙尺度的迁移规律，揭示致密储层水锁形成及演化机制，为水力压裂后的增产措施提供技术支持。

  • 1 试验方法

  • 通过岩心试验模拟致密油藏水力压裂后压裂液侵入、焖井、返排全过程，如图1所示。利用核磁共振技术（NMR）监测岩心内部流体的运移，探究致密油藏水力压裂后水锁形成及演化规律。

  • 图1 试验岩心设计

  • Fig.1 Experimental core design

  • 1.1 核磁共振监测方法

  • 采用中国纽迈公司生产的中尺寸核磁共振成像分析仪MesoMR23-060H-I，利用GR-HSE和CPMG序列分别获取岩心轴向一维频率编码和T2谱，两者的磁场强度均为12 MHz，CPMG的回波时间为0.1 ms，GR_HSE的磁场梯度和回波时间分别为0.0487 T/m和3.7 ms。

  • 试验中一维频率编码图显示水相核磁信号在岩心轴向的分布，利用信号量与水量的对应关系，将信号剖面转换为岩心含水饱和度分布，表征焖、排、产阶段压裂液在基质-裂缝间的运移情况；T2谱则表征水相在不同孔隙间的分布，弛豫时间T2与孔隙半径关系[20]为

  • 1T2ρSV=ρCr.
    (1)

  • 式中，T2为弛豫时间，ms；ρ为表面弛豫率，nm/ms；S为岩心表面积，cm2；V为孔隙体积，cm3；C为形状因子；r为孔隙半径，cm。

  • 由式（1）可知，T2与流体所处孔隙的孔径成正比，短T2对应小孔，而长T2则对应大孔。因此可通过分析各阶段动态T2谱的变化研究水相孔隙尺度微观运移规律，揭示水锁形成及其演化机制

  • 1.2 压裂液全生命周期监测试验

  • 焖-排-产一体化物理模拟平台开展试验如图2所示，包括注入系统、返排系统、温控系统、压力监测系统、流体监测系统等，能模拟储层条件下的焖井、返排以及生产的全生命周期过程。注入系统由一个高精度计量泵（10-5 mL/min）、3个中间容器和恒温循环水浴组成，可注入不同类型的高温高压压裂液。流体监测系统主要包括无磁岩心夹持器、NMR成像分析仪等。返排系统由驱替泵、中间容器以及压力采集系统构成，可模拟地层压力，实时记录焖-排-产全过程的压力，表征基质渗透率变化，探究水锁伤害程度和演化规律。

  • 图2 焖-排-产一体化物理模拟平台

  • Fig.2 Integrated physical simulation platform for stew, discharge and production

  • 2 试验样品及试验方案

  • 2.1 岩心样品

  • 样品取自鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组露头，规格为Φ25.4 mm的平行层理柱样，经洗油（索氏抽提法）、烘干（105℃，48 h）处理后，在围压为10 MPa，孔压为8 MPa条件下，利用氦气孔隙度测量仪和脉冲渗透率仪分别测定岩心孔隙度和渗透率，选取7块物性相似的岩心开展试验。渗透率和孔隙度分别为（0.0033~0.0055）×10-3μm2，7.32%~8.87%，如表1所示。岩石润湿性经油/水/岩石三相接触角法测量，为23°~29°（强水湿）。

  • 2.2 试验流体

  • 为探测压裂液在岩石内部的运移，选用无核磁信号的氟化液代替原油祛除油相信号，使核磁信号能唯一表征岩心内部水相动态，在25℃下，其密度为1.83 g/cm3，黏度为4.1 mPa·s。选用质量分数4%的氯化钾溶液作为压裂液样品，抑制岩心中的黏土膨胀对试验的干扰。

  • 表1 试验岩心样品物性参数

  • Table1 Physical property parameters of experimental core samples

  • 2.3 试验方案及步骤

  • 本试验利用一体化物理模拟平台研究焖井时间，生产压降对致密储层水锁伤害的影响。试验方案见表2，具体试验步骤如下。

  • （1）选取渗透率近似的致密岩心7块，经洗油、烘干处理后，测量干岩心的核磁基底信号。

  • （2）分别以压差0.02、0.2、2、6 MPa/cm对岩心进行恒压驱替，记录稳定后的流速，计算基质油相渗透率。

  • （3）随后对岩心进行核磁扫描，获取饱和油岩心核磁成像图、T2谱以及一维频率编码。

  • （4）从裂缝面以15 MPa恒压差注入压裂液10 min，模拟水侵过程，随后进行核磁扫描。

  • （5）关闭驱替泵，关闭注入阀门2，模拟焖井过程，在焖井1、2、4 h后分别进行核磁扫描。

  • （6）打开泵2以及阀门1和4，以设计压力梯度恒压注入氟化液，模拟返排/生产过程并实时进行核磁扫描，同时记录实时流量。

  • （7）试验结束后，关闭驱替泵，取出岩心，整理试验台。

  • 表2 岩心试验方案

  • Table2 Core experimental scheme

  • 2.4 岩心含水量标定

  • 建立一维频率编码总信号量和T2谱信号总量与岩心饱和水量转换关系，两种序列信号总量基本一致，具体试验步骤以T2谱为例。

  • （1）测量洗油、烘干后干岩心的质量和核磁基底信号。

  • （2）将岩心抽真空饱和后，称重并测量饱和水岩心的T2谱和一维频率编码，如图3所示。

  • （3）将岩心分别在2000、4000、8000 r/min速度下离心1 h，称重并测量离心后的T2谱。

  • （4）计算离心前后的质量差与T2谱累积信号差值，建立核磁信号量与岩心含水量转换关系式。

  • 图3 饱和水岩心一维频率编码和T2谱

  • Fig.3 1D frequency coding and T2 spectra of core completely saturated with water

  • 核磁信号量与岩心含水量关系为

  • Vw=0.001Qw-0.0473.
    (2)

  • 式中，Vw为岩心含水量，mL；Qw为饱和水岩心NMR信号总量。

  • 3 试验结果讨论

  • 3.1 水力压裂后致密储层基质水侵规律

  • 试验通过NMR技术探测了水侵后岩心一维频率编码，如图4所示。其中信号强度大于10为扫描到岩心的有效信号区域，而信号强度小于3为无效信号区域。

  • 图4 压裂液侵入前后岩心核磁成像及一维频率编码

  • Fig.4 Core NMR imaging and 1D frequency coding before and after fracturing fluid invasion

  • 核磁成像和一维频率编码结果显示，压裂液侵入基质后，引起岩心信号强度升高，并沿x轴递减，即侵入液主要聚集在基质-裂缝面，随侵入深度不断减少。试验将裂缝面至水侵前缘定义为压裂液侵入距离，约为20 mm。

  • 为量化压裂液侵入过程中基质内部的含水饱和度分布，基于NMR信号-水体积转换关系式（2），将核磁信号转换为含水饱和度：

  • Sw=VwXDVXD=0.0001QwXD-0.04730.0001QXD-0.0473.
    (3)

  • 式中，Sw为岩心含水饱和度；VwXD为坐标XD处的含水量，mL；VXD为XD处的孔隙体积，mL；QwXD为XD处的NMR信号量；QXD为完全饱和水岩心XD处的NMR信号量。

  • 因此压裂液侵入后的基质岩心轴向的含水饱和度分布如图5（a）所示，基质-裂缝面的含水饱和度达70%，将大幅度降低基质内油相渗透率，造成水锁伤害，影响后续返排、生产阶段的产油效果。

  • 此外，试验记录了压裂液侵入前后的T2谱，如图5（b）所示。水侵后的岩心呈现三峰结构，根据式（1）将孔隙分为大、中、小三类，其弛豫区间约为0.1、1、10 ms，压裂液主要进入的是中孔和大孔，由于小孔内较大的毛管力，压裂液难以进入。

  • 试验利用NMR技术监测焖井阶段基质内压裂液的运移，结果如图6（a）所示。在焖井阶段，压裂液由于残余压差作用持续进入基质，侵入距离不断增加。与Dutta等[28]结果不同，焖井阶段的裂缝-基质面仍保持较高的含水饱和度（图6（b）），因为本试验模拟了真实环境下的裂缝-基质系统，裂缝内压裂液能充足供给基质，在压差驱替以及渗吸作用不断进入基质。此外由图7可知，在焖井阶段压裂液主要进入中孔，小孔在毛管力作用下也有少量压裂液填充。结果表明，焖井导致基质水侵区域不断扩张，大量通道被压裂液占据，造成水锁风险，理论上不利于前期返排和产油。

  • 图5 水侵后岩心含水饱和度分布和水侵前后核磁T2谱

  • Fig.5 Water saturation distribution after water invasion and T2 spectra before and after water invasion

  • 图6 焖井过程中压裂液运移岩心核磁成像及含水饱和度动态分布

  • Fig.6 Fracturing fluid migration NMR imaging and dynamic distributions of water saturation during soak process

  • 图7 焖井过程中岩心动态T2谱

  • Fig.7 Dynamic T2 spectra of core during soak process

  • 3.2 水锁形成微观机制及演化规律

  • 为进一步探究焖井阶段压裂液侵入对储层产能的影响，模拟返排/生产过程。为定量化研究焖井过程压裂液侵入对产油效果的影响，定义水锁伤害系数I为

  • I=1-qow(t)qoi.
    (4)

  • 式中，qow（t）为返排t时刻的产油速率，mL/min；qoi为未水侵情况下的产油速率，mL/min。

  • I越大，压裂液侵入对产量的降低效果越明显，其随时间的变化如图8所示。由图8可知，返排初期水锁伤害系数I约为0.95，压裂液侵入造成产油速率骤降。随着返排的进行，I随返排时间线性递减，产量迅速恢复；返排约12 h后，I递减速率减缓，约120 h后逐渐平衡。因此返排阶段水锁会逐步缓解，自动解除。依据I变化速率将整个返排过程划分为快速解锁期、缓慢解锁期和稳定水锁期。

  • 图8 返排过程中的水锁伤害系数

  • Fig.8 Water blockage damage coefficient during flowback

  • 在快速解锁期，水锁伤害迅速减低，较未水侵时产油速率恢复超过50%；在缓慢解锁期，恢复则达75%；在稳定水锁期，产油速率基本不变，形成了稳定的水锁伤害。

  • 为探究返排阶段水锁伤害形成及自动解除机制，采用NMR技术分别探测该阶段的含水饱和度动态分布以及动态T2谱，如图9所示。由图9可知，快速恢复期在生产压差作用下，缝面含水饱和度从75%骤降至55%，油相渗透率大幅提升。缓慢恢复期，缝面含水饱和度持续降低，但压裂液沿高压反向进入基质深部，水侵区域扩张。前人研究表明[29-30]，由于基质-裂缝界面上的毛管力不连续，导致返排过程中端面处含水饱和度偏高，渗透率大幅降低，出现毛管力末端效应。在快速返排期，缝面含水饱和度Siw较高，毛管力低，生产压差能够突破毛管阻力，降低缝面含水饱和度，提高产油速率；在缓慢恢复期，缝面处含水饱和度降低，毛管力升高，生产压差已难以将聚集在裂缝面压裂液快速驱出。

  • 图9 返排过程中岩心含水饱和度动态分布和T2谱

  • Fig.9 Water saturation dynamic profiles and T2 spectra of core during flowback

  • 此时，缝面高含水处毛管力可表示为

  • pcSwh=poh-pwh.
    (5)

  • 基质内部毛管力则为

  • pcSwl=pol-pwl.
    (6)

  • 因此水相在缝面和基质内部的压差为

  • pwh-pwlpcSwl-pcSwh-pol-pow.
    (7)

  • 式中，poh和pwh分别为高、低含水处水相压力，Pa；pc（Swh）和pc（Swl）分别为高、低含水处的毛管力，Pa；pol和pwl分别为低含水处油相和水相压力，Pa。

  • 当毛管力作用大于驱替作用时，缝面处水相压力大于基质内，压裂液能够从缝面运移至基质内，降低缝面含水饱和度，提高水侵区域油相渗透率，有利于产量提升。因此在返排过程中毛管力主导的滞留压裂液反向迁移是水锁自动解除的一个重要机制。但该过程较为缓慢，在100 h内，产量恢复率仅提升15%。

  • 此外，图9（b）反映了返排阶段压裂液在孔隙内的微观运移。在快速恢复期，主要为大孔内的压裂液排出，而中、小孔基本不变；在缓慢解锁期，则主要是中孔内的压裂液排出，小孔内的反而增加。

  • 根据Young-Laplace方程：

  • pc=2σowcos⁡θowr.
    (8)

  • 式中，pc为毛管压力，Pa；σow为油水界面张力，mN/m；θow为接触角，（°）。

  • 孔隙越大，毛管力越小，因此大孔中压裂液在快速解锁期优先排出。进入缓慢解锁期，中孔内压裂液的迁移途径分为两类：一是受生产压差驱替作用排出；二是受毛管力作用从中孔迁移至小孔中（图9（b））。由于中孔内毛管力相对较高，驱替作用仅能将部分该类孔隙内的滞留液驱出。而在毛管力作用下，中孔内的压裂液能自发的进入小孔中，从而给油相让出高渗通道，提高油相渗透率。因此在返排过程中，在毛管力主导的大孔内压裂液向小孔迁移是水锁自动解除的另一重要机制。

  • 3.3 焖井时间及生产压差对水锁的影响分

  • 不同焖井时间的水锁伤害系数如图10所示，可见焖井时间越长，快速解锁期和缓慢解锁期的曲线斜率越小，水锁解除越慢，且最终稳定水锁期的伤害系数越高。这说明焖井会加剧储层的水锁伤害，并降低返排期间的自动解除水锁能力。

  • 通过对比返排240 h后的含水饱和度分布和T2谱（图11）可知，焖井时间越长，稳定水锁期基质内的含水饱和度越高，水侵范围增加，缝面的含水饱和度越高，产油速率极大受限；基质中、小孔内的压裂液随着焖井时间的增加而增加，生产压差难以将这部分水祛除，导致渗流孔道被水占据，这是产油速率下降的另一机制。然而，延长焖井时间能够提高渗吸采油，提高焖井后初期的产油速率。因此焖井对致密油的增产效果还需进一步综合考虑。

  • 图10 不同焖井时间后的返排阶段水锁伤害系数

  • Fig.10 Water blockage damage coefficient at flowback stage after different soaking time

  • 图11 不同焖井时间后返排稳定水锁期含水饱和度分布和T2谱

  • Fig.11 Water saturation distributions and T2 spectra in stable water blockage period during flowback after different soaking time

  • 不同生产压差下的水锁伤害系数如图12所示。由图12可见，生产压力梯度越大，快速解锁期和缓慢解锁期的曲线斜率越大，水锁解除越快且高效，最终稳定水锁期的水锁伤害系数也越低。因此增加生产压差能够增强返排期间的自动解除水锁能力，提高产油速率。

  • 对比返排240 h后的含水饱和度分布和T2谱（图13）发现，生产压力梯度越大，稳定水锁期基质内的含水饱和越低，水侵范围越小；增加生产压差能够突破毛管力对基质各孔隙压裂液的滞留作用，削弱毛管力末端效应，有利于基质原油的产出。但中、小孔内毛管阻力大，部分压裂液仍会滞留在该类孔隙内阻碍原油的产出，导致稳定期水锁伤害系数仍较高。此外，提高生产压力梯度必将降低生产压力，这会造成裂缝过早闭合等问题，仍需综合考虑。因此如何降低该类孔隙中的滞留压裂液、减少水侵伤害需进一步研究。

  • 图12 不同生产压力梯度下的返排阶段水锁伤害系数

  • Fig.12 Water blockage damage coefficient of flowback stage with different production pressure gradients

  • 图13 不同生产压力梯度下返排后稳定水锁期的含水饱和度分布和T2谱

  • Fig.13 Water saturation distributions and T2 spectra during stable water blockage period after flowback with different production pressure gradients

  • 4 结论

  • （1）致密储层水力压裂后，压裂液侵入储层基质主要占据中、大孔，在裂缝面形成高含水区。

  • （2）裂缝与基质之间的毛管力不连续导致返排阶段缝面高含水难以降低，是水锁形成的主要机制。

  • （3）返排阶段水锁伤害能够自动解除，依据水锁伤害变化速率可分为快速解锁期、缓慢解锁期和稳定水锁期。

  • （4）快速解锁期是生产压差主导，排驱大孔内压裂液，迅速恢复产油速率；缓慢解锁期则是毛管力主导，将缝面水迁移至基质深部同时将大孔内压裂液向小孔迁移，实现水锁解除。

  • （5）焖井会导致水侵区域扩展，降低返排阶段的自发解除水锁能力，加剧储层水锁伤害。

  • （6）提高生产压差能降低缝面含水饱和度，弱化毛管力末端效应，减少中孔和小孔内的滞留压裂液，增加油相稳定渗流通道，提高最终产油速率。

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    • [22] 雷群,翁定为,熊生春,等.中国石油页岩油储集层改造技术进展及发展方向[J].石油勘探与开发,2021,48(5):1035-1042.LEI Qun,WENG Dingwei,XIONG Shengchun,et al.Progress and development directions of shale oil reservoir stimulation technology of China national petroleum corporation[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2021,48(5):1035-1042.

    • [23] 王强,赵金洲,胡永全,等.页岩油储集层压后焖井时间优化方法[J].石油勘探与开发,2022,49(3):586-596.WANG Qiang,ZHAO Jinzhou,HU Yongquan,et al.Shut-in time optimization after fracturing in shale oil reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2022,49(3):586-596.

    • [24] 王琛,高辉,费二战,等.鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩储层压裂液渗吸规律及原油微观动用特征[J].开云电竞投注学报(自然科学版),2023,47(6):95-103.WANG Chen,GAO Hui,FEI Erzhan,et al.Imbibition of fracturing fluid and microscopic oil production characteristics in Chang 7 shale reservoir in Ordos Basin[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2023,47(6):95-103.

    • [25] LIU J,SHENG J J,EMADIBALADEHI H,et al.Experimental study of the stimulating mechanism of shut-in after hydraulic fracturing in unconventional oil reservoirs[J].Fuel,2021,300:120982.

    • [26] 何延龙,黄海,唐梅荣,等.体积压裂缝端压差对页岩储层排驱效果的影响机制[J].开云电竞投注学报(自然科学版),2024,48(6):114-122.HE Yanlong,HUANG Hai,TANG Meirong,et al.Influence mechanisms of pressure difference in fracture ends on dynamic imbibition and displacement in shale reservoirs[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2024,48(6):114-122.

    • [27] CHENG Y.Impact of water dynamics in fractures on the performance of hydraulically fractured wells in gas-shale reservoirs[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,2012,51(2):143-151.

    • [28] DUTTA R,LEE C H H,ODUMABO S,et al.Experimental investigation of fracturing-fluid migration caused by spontaneous imbibition in fractured low-permeability sands[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering,2014,17(1):74-81.

    • [29] ELPUTRANTO R,YUCEL A I.Near-fracture capillary end effect on shale-gas and water production[J].SPE Journal,2020,25(4):2041-2054.

    • [30] LONGORIA R A,LIANG T,HUYNH U T,et al.Water blocks in tight formations:the role of matrix/fracture interaction in hydrocarbon-permeability reduction and its implications in the use of enhanced oil recovery techniques[J].SPE Journal,2017,22(5):1393-1401.

  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: TE348
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2025.06.015
    文章编号: 1673-5005(2025)06-0152-10

    基金信息

    国家自然科学基金项目（52204065，52374063）；
    山东省自然科学基金项目（ZR2024QE075，ZR2023ME049）；

    引用信息

    刘峻嵘，何凯宁，刘树阳，等.致密油藏水力压裂后水锁形成及演化规律[J].开云电竞投注学报（自然科学版），2025,49（6）：152-161.

    LIU Junrong, HE Kaining, LIU Shuyang, et al. Water blockage occurrence and evolution dynamics in tight oil reservoirs in post-hydraulic fracturing [J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2025,49(6):152-161.

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2025-07-04

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