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双活塞轴向振荡减阻工具动力学特性与试验

  • 田家林1
  • ， 查磊1
  • ， 王新东2
  • ， 田斌3
  • ， 邓悟4
  • ， 毛兰辉1

1. 西南石油大学机电工程学院，四川成都 610500； 2. 西部钻探工程技术研究院，新疆乌鲁木齐 830022； 3. 西部钻探质量健康安全环保部，新疆乌鲁木齐 830022； 4. 中国石油西南油气田公司工程技术研究院，四川成都 610017；

Dynamic characteristics and experiment of dual-piston axial oscillation drag reduction tool

  • TIAN Jialin1
  • ， CHA Lei1
  • ， WANG Xindong2
  • ， TIAN Bin3
  • ， DENG Wu4
  • ， MAO Lanhui1

1. School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500 , China； 2. Western Drilling Engineering Technology Research Institute, Urumchi 830022 , China； 3. Western Drilling Quality Health Safety Environmental Protection Ministry, Urumchi 830022 , China； 4. Engineering Technology Research Institute, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610017 , China；

作者简介:

田家林（1979-），男，教授，博士，研究方向为动力学理论与振动控制、油气装备现代设计、井下工具与钻头技术、井下测试与智能控制等。E-mail: tianjialin001@gmail.com。

通信作者:

田家林（1979-），男，教授，博士，研究方向为动力学理论与振动控制、油气装备现代设计、井下工具与钻头技术、井下测试与智能控制等。E-mail: tianjialin001@gmail.com。

中图分类号:TE929

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1673-5005(2025)06-0181-10

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2025.06.018

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目录contents

    摘要

    针对长水平段井眼钻井效率低的问题，提出一种双活塞轴向振荡减阻工具，根据地面条件对该工具在不同输入流量下进行压降、轴向位移、振荡加速度测试；结合工程背景研究双活塞轴向振荡工具的内部工作机制，建立轴向压降计算模型，推导出受轴向激励的有阻尼弹性杆轴向位移模型，分析压降、轴向位移与流量之间的关系，探讨双活塞轴向振荡减阻工具的动态特性，验证轴向位移模型的正确性以及输入流量对压降、轴向位移、频率以及轴向力的数值影响。结果表明，工作频率与输入流量呈正相关，越小的输入流量对振荡力的影响越小，新工具的应用可降低钻具组合（BHA）与井壁之间的摩擦，提高钻井效率。

    Abstract

    Aiming at the problem of low drilling efficiency in long horizontal borehole, a dual-piston axial oscillation drag reduction tool was proposed. Based on the ground conditions, these parameters of this tool, including the pressure drop, axial displacement and oscillating acceleration, were tested under different input flow rates. According to engineering background, The internal working mechanism of this dual-piston axial oscillation drag reduction tool was studied, such as establishing the axial pressure drop calculation models, deducting the axial displacement model of damped elastic rod with specified excitation, analyzing the relationships between pressure drop, axial displacement and flow, and discussing the dynamic characteristics. The experimental results verified the correctness of theory models, and the numerical influence of input flow on pressure drop, axial displacement, frequency and axial force. The results show that the working frequency is positively correlated with the input flow, and the smaller the input flow rate, the less impact it has on the oscillating force. The application of this innovative tool can reduce the friction between the bottom hole assembly (BHA) and the borehole wall, and improve the drilling efficiency.

  • 非常规油气资源对中国能源安全和社会经济发展具有战略意义，是现有技术条件下油气工业化勘探的重要领域和目标[1-2]。加快优化钻完井技术攻关研究，轴向振荡减阻工具是油气开采提速增效的关键技术[3-4]。在滑动钻井中，轴向振荡减阻工具自发产生的振动使钻柱静摩擦力转化为周期性动摩擦力，有效降低钻柱平均摩擦力，提高了钻井效率[5-6]。目前，轴向振荡减阻工具研究主要集中在动力学理论模型分析和工具应用开发。在理论模型方面，较多学者探讨钻柱边界条件和输入参数对带有振荡减阻工具钻柱动力学的影响。Gutowski等[7]通过试验发现，当发生微小的机械振动时，接触系统中的摩擦会极大减小。Wu等[8]研究结果表明，当振动速度大于滑动速度时，轴向振动能显著减小接触板间摩擦力。Shi等[9]采用数值研究方法探讨了震荡位移幅值、振荡力和振荡频率对减阻效果的影响，表明增大振动幅值可以减小轴向摩擦。Fu等[10]提出了钻柱轴向振动速度与摩擦系数之间的理论关系，分析了利用水力振荡器减摩的原理。Mahjoub等[11]根据振动波传播理论，提出了新的解析表达式计算最大振动位移。Omojuwa等[12]提出了一个数学模型来预测轴向振动钻柱在井下条件的行为。Tian等[13-15]也从不同角度研究了钻柱带有振荡器的动力学模型。另一方面，部分学者结合工程实际与现场应用，对轴向振荡减阻工具进行研究。钱伟强等[16-17]通过室内试验研究带有运动器件的单活塞轴向振荡减阻工具，分析阀口结构参数、输入流量、振荡频率振荡力之间的关系。Zhao等[18]对轴向振荡减阻工具流道进行合理简化，建立阀盘系统的压降解析模型并通过试验验证该模型正确性。Shi等[19]探讨轴向振荡器的振动力幅值、振荡器个数对减阻效率的影响，给出了振荡器个数、振动幅值的推荐值。Wang等[20-21]设计了一种不同于上述轴向振动原理的新型自激式振荡工具，验证了基于两级自激腔式振荡器的自激振荡调制工具的可行性和有效性。某试验研究表明射流振荡器的压力损失几乎随输入流量呈指数变化[22]，但都促进振荡工具开发与应用。现有研究主要集中在单活塞工具的设计和应用，偏心式水力振荡器是研究较早、应用比较广泛的一类振动减阻工具，较为典型的偏心螺杆式水力振荡器其工作原理是利用单头螺杆作为旋转动力[23]，通过转子旋转带动偏心阀门旋转，产生间歇性截流，形成周期性压力释放，实现工具的轴向振动[24-25]。中国石化研发了一款水力振荡器，由脉冲发生短节和振荡短节组成，在现场应用中能够提高机械钻速20%以上[26]。中国石油大庆钻探公司钻井工程技术研究院设计了一套水力振荡器，能降低摩阻20~40 kN，提高钻速23%[27]。胥豪等[28]设计了一种水力振荡器，由涡轮提供动力，产生周期性脉冲。轴向振荡减阻工具的设计与应用，能够有效降低钻井过程中的摩阻，防止发生拖压。笔者提出一种双活塞井下轴向振荡工具，主要应用于水平井及大位移井等，探讨双活塞振荡工具工作压力损失、振荡力、振荡位移、振荡频率与输入流量之间的关系。

  • 1 工具结构和试验测试

  • 1.1 工具结构

  • 新型双活塞轴向振荡减阻工具主要包括传动芯轴、弹簧系统、双平衡活塞A和活塞B、上部柔性短节、中部柔性短接、容积式螺杆马达、动静阀盘系统、下部柔性短节等，轴向振荡工具（dual-piston axial oscillation drag reduction tool，DAOT）的工作原理如图1所示。高压钻井液通过传动芯轴、弹簧短节、上柔性短节、中柔性短节、容积式液压马达；马达转子带动阀盘做特定规律的运动，高压钻井液经过动静阀口、下柔性短节流出。钻井液流过动定阀片之间的过流面积进行周期性变化，会使轴向振荡工具产生周期性变化的轴向力，钻柱产生周期性的轴向振动，改变钻柱与井壁之间的摩擦力状态。

  • 图1 轴向振荡器结构及工作原理简图

  • Fig.1 Structure and mechanism of DAOT

  • 1.2 试验测试

  • （1）为检验轴向振荡工具的工作性能和验证压降及位移激励模型的正确性，设计如图2所示的测试系统原理图。双活塞轴向振动工具上下两端分别接上部钻杆和下部钻杆。由试验钻井液泵站提供高压液体依次经过驱动装置、上部钻杆，进入双活塞轴向振荡减阻工具内部，驱动工具正常工作，再经下部钻杆、钻头流出。通过动态数据采集系统采集轴向位移、加速度和工具压降实时数据，对双活塞轴向振荡减阻工具进行试验测试。

  • 图2 轴向振荡器试验现场测试系统示意图

  • Fig.2 Schematic diagram of field test system for DAOT

  • （2）轴向位移、加速度和压降传感器安装位置及方式、数据采集系统搭建如图3所示。驱动双活塞轴向振荡减阻工具工作的流体介质为清水，设置采样频率为128 Hz，通过控制室实现对流量、压力准确控制进行试验。

  • 图3 现场装配及试验测试

  • Fig.3 Field assembly and experimental test

  • （3）试验测试条件参数如下:上部钻杆长度L2为9 m，上部钻杆外径Dou为0.1397 m，上部钻杆内径 Diu为0.1214 m，下部钻杆长度 L1为9 m，下部钻杆外径 Dol为0.1397 m，下部钻杆外径 Dil为0.1214 m，介质密度 ρm为1078 kg/m3，钻杆刚度K为29.5 MN/m，泵压p为0~8 MPa，泵排量V为17、20、23、28、31 L/s，在不同的额定流量下进行试验。

  • 结合双活塞水力振荡工具结构参数进行双活塞轴向振荡工具压降计算，将压降数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析。双活塞水力振荡工具结构参数为：长度6.630 m、外径0.172 m、内径0.07 m、刚度26300 N/m、弹性模量210 GPa、材料密度7861 kg/m3、弹簧刚度7.243MN/m、活塞等效面积0.009342 m2、活塞等效面积0.005953 m2、动阀直径0.043 m和静阀直径0.035 m。

  • 2 运动特性分析

  • 在井底的工作状态可以描述成有阻尼的单自由度强迫振动，工具自身产生的水击力作为激励条件，振动总成作为振动系统。轴向振荡工具在整个钻具组合中产生的位移激励模型如图4所示。

  • 图4 位移激励模型

  • Fig.4 Displacement excitation model

  • 作用在弹性杆模型微元单元上的轴向载荷表示为p和p+dp，可将连续弹性杆在位移激励、黏滞阻尼和库仑摩擦作用下的运动方程表示为

  • (p+dp)-p+Fd±Fcdx=ρAdx∂2u∂t2.
    (1)

  • 其中

  • Fd=C1 (∂v/∂t) .

  • 式中，ρ为连续弹性杆材料密度，kg/m3；A为连续弹性杆横截面积，m2； C1为常数; t为时间，s。

  • 黏性阻尼力Fd与加速度呈线性关系。

  • 库仑摩擦Fc与速度方向相反，可用符号函数表示为

  • ±Fc=±(∂v/∂t)μFN=sgn(∂v/∂t)μFN.
    (3)

  • 式中，μ为摩擦系数；FN为正向力，N。

  • 由于水平段钻柱存在井斜角θ，FN修正为

  • FN=ρ-ρmAg=ρC2Agsin⁡θ.
    (3)

  • 式中，ρm为钻井液密度，kg/m3；g为重力加速度；C2为校正系数。

  • 总的轴向激励位移可表示为

  • u(x,t)=v(x,t)+w(x,t).
    (4)

  • 其中

  • w (x, t) =FpKScos⁡ (ωt) , Fp=Δp1Apl+Δp2Ap2.

  • 式中，u为总位移，m；v为瞬态响应位移，m；w为工具激励位移，m；ω为双活塞轴向振荡器工作频率，rad/s；KS为工具弹簧刚度，MN/m；FP为高压介质作用下激振力；Δp1、Δp2分别为第一活塞、第二活塞与静阀出口之间的压力差，MPa；Ap1、Ap2分别为第一活塞、第二活塞的等效面积，m2。

  • 式（1）进一步表示为

  • ρA∂2v∂t2(x,t)+C1∂v∂t(x,t)-EA∂2v∂x2(x,t)+
    (5)

  • 边界条件为

  • x=0,EA∂v∂x(0,t)=0;x=L,EA∂v∂x(L,t)=-kfv(L,t).
    (6)

  • 式中，kf为钻杆在模型边界处刚度，N/m; E为弹性模量，GPa; L为工具长度，m。

  • 初始条件为

  • v(x,0)=0∂v∂t(x,0)=0
    (7)

  • 3 试验与数值分析

  • 3.1 流量对压降影响

  • 总压降主要由沿程压力损失、容积式马达压降、局部压降（阀盘系统）组成。不同输入流量下双活塞水力振荡工具的试验测试压降如图5所示，总压降呈现周期性波动。忽略测试采样频率对数据的影响，当输入流量为17 L/s，工具两端压降曲线近似正弦或余弦形状，压降均值约为0.65 MPa，该条件下螺杆马达正常工作，动静盘阀之间产生相对运动，振荡减阻工具未正常工作。增加输入流量至20 L/s时，压降围绕1.12 MPa上下波动，且出现大小峰交替情况，压降峰波更加尖锐，表明动静阀之间产生了不连续的相对运动。当输入流量为23 L/s时，最大压降明显增大至1.88 MPa，这是由于动静阀盘间相对运动关系得到改善，阀口截面面积随时间变化更加规律，压降波形幅值差显著减小。随着流量增加至28 L/s，动静阀盘间发生连续性稳定的相对运动，波形转变为三角峰，最大压降显著增大至2.91 MPa，最小压降为0.68 MPa，压降表现更加规律。与井下工况相当的输入流量31 L/s时，动静阀盘间相对运动速度进一步加大，压降在3.91与1.24 MPa之间波动，相比较其他工况条件下，最大压降和最小压降均显著增加，压降波形更接近单一的正弦或余弦型。结合压降模型及最大压降和最小压降（图5（f）），输入流量会影响双活塞轴向振荡工具压降，且对最大压降的影响大于对最小压降的影响；随着输入流量大于20 L/s，最小压降随输入流量增大而增大；如图5（f）所示，测试数据与总压降模型数值计算对比，流量对总压降影响逐渐增大，输入流量为20~31 L/s时，设计参数与实际测试结果误差最大为12%。

  • 图5 工具压降变化

  • Fig.5 Pressure drop changes of DAOT

  • 如图6所示，对压降数据进行频谱分析，当输入流量为17 L/s时，工具处于非工作状态，四次谐波信号即为钻井液压力波，频率为7.6 Hz。当输入流量不小于20 L/s，压力波信号二次谐波分量由阀盘系统产生，且随着输入流量增大，二次谐波分量能量增强，高阶谐波分量幅值逐渐降低，总压降幅值及主信号频率均增大。压降信号由动静阀盘运动产生的压力波信号、容积式马达自身产生的脉动信号、活塞轴向移动产生压力波信号、钻井液自身脉动信号等多个信号叠加。

  • 图6 压降频率分析

  • Fig.6 Frequency analysis of pressure drop

  • 3.2 流量对位移的影响

  • 双活塞轴向振荡器轴向位移如图7所示。由图7可知，在输入流量为17 L/s时，由于作用于双活塞等效截面上的力小于工具装配预紧力，该工具没有产生轴向位移。

  • 图7 轴向位移

  • Fig.7 Axial displacement

  • 当流量增加至20 L/s，因工作压降不稳定变化，激励工具产生周期性双峰型轴向位移，且轴向位移较小。随着输入流量不断加大至23 L/s，该工具的轴向位移增大，轴向位移表现出双峰型周期性，因压力波动减小，在周期内位移极小值与位移极值差值比例逐渐减小，趋向于稳定的单峰型位移变化。输入流量至28 L/s时，工具处于稳定工作状态，最大轴向位移为6.9 mm。继续增大输入流量至31 L/s，压降增大且更加规律变化，轴向最大位移进一步增大至9.2 mm，最小位移同步增大至1.9 mm，即碟簧系统处于过预紧状态。对比分析不同输入流量下的轴向位移（图7（f）），由于大流量输入条件下，工具摩阻增大导致压降增加，输入条件下对工具轴向振动位移影响加大，流量与轴向位移呈非比例关系；随着输入流量增大，振动的初始位移和最大位移均增大，且该工具有效振动位移增大。

  • 双活塞水力振荡工具轴向振动加速度变化如图8所示。由图8可知，当输入流量为17 L/s时，工具处于非工作状态。输入流量继续增大至23 L/s，轴向振荡不断增强；输入流量大于28 L/s时，表现出更加剧烈的轴向振动，最大加速度幅值为14.2 m/s2。对比分析不同输入流量下的轴向振动加速度（图8（f）），大流量输入条件下对工具轴向振荡加速度影响更大。

  • 图8 试验测试轴向加速度

  • Fig.8 Axial acceleration of experiment test

  • 轴向位移频谱如图9所示。由图9可知位移频谱的二次谐波分量为双活塞轴向移动的主频率，即工作频率。随着输入流量增大，二次谐波分量的幅值和频率均增大。当输入流量大于28 L/s时，该工具的轴向位移的高阶谐波分量趋向于零，处于工具最佳轴向振动状态范围内。流量对频率的影响如图10所示。由图10可知，振荡频率与输入流量呈正比关系。

  • 结合弹簧刚度参数和1~10 s内试验测试数据，计算激励位移模型和测试最大位移在不同输入流量下轴向振荡力如图11所示，表明该工具有利于降低轴向摩擦阻力，提高机械钻速。

  • 图9 振荡位移频率

  • Fig.9 Frequency of oscillation displacement

  • 图10 流量对频率的影响

  • Fig.10 Influence of flow rate on frequency

  • 图11 轴向力变化

  • Fig.11 Axial oscillation force changes

  • 4 结论

  • （1）对双活塞轴向振荡器的试验测试验证了双活塞轴向振荡工具轴向压降模型、位移模型的正确性，双活塞总压降、振荡位移、振荡频率及周向振荡力与流量密切相关。

  • （2）输入流量与总压降并非呈线性关系，输入流量越大，双活塞轴向振荡工具工作压降越大，对总压降的影响越大，输入流量为17~31 L/s时，产生的压降为1.24~3.91 MPa；随着输入流量增大，有效振动位移及轴向振动加速度均增大，最大轴向振动位移达到9.2 mm，最大振动加速度达到14.2 m/s2，在工具正常工作范围内，工作频率由盘阀系统的运动状态决定，工作频率（7.6~14.4 Hz）与输入流量成正比。

  • （3）与现有的单活塞振荡减阻工具相比，双活塞振荡减阻工具在拥有与单活塞工具相近的振荡频率和工作压降的同时，产生更大的轴向振动位移，能够更好地实现减摩降阻。

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    • [19] SHI X,HUANG W,GAO D,et al.Optimal design of drag reduction oscillators by considering drillstring fatigue and hydraulic loss in sliding drilling[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2022,208:109572.

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  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: TE929
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2025.06.018
    文章编号: 1673-5005(2025)06-0181-10

    基金信息

    瓦斯灾害监控与应急技术全国重点实验室开放课题（2021SKLKF07）；

    引用信息

    田家林，查磊，王新东，等.双活塞轴向振荡减阻工具动力学特性与试验[J].开云电竞投注学报（自然科学版），2025，49（6）：181-190.

    TIAN Jialin, CHA Lei, WANG Xindong, et al. Dynamic characteristics and experiment of dual-piston axial oscillation drag reduction tool [J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science)，2025，49（6）：181-190.

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2025-02-22

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 周守为,朱军龙,单彤文,等.中国天然气及LNG产业的发展现状及展望[J].中国海上油气,2022,34(1):1-8.ZHOU Shouwei,ZHU Junlong,SHAN Tongwen,et al.Development status and outlook of natural gas and LNG industry in China[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2022,34(1):1-8.

    • [2] 姚本春,张仕民,谈建平,等.井下涡轮发电机轴系减振阻尼器设计与分析[J].开云电竞投注学报(自然科学版),2024,48(2):186-193.YAO Benchun,ZHANG Shimin,TAN Jianping,et al.Design and analysis of a damper for vibration attenuation of rotor-bearing system in downhole turbine generator[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2024,48(2):186-193.

    • [3] 方志雄.中国南方常压页岩气勘探开发面临的挑战及对策[J].油气藏评价与开发,2019,9(5):1-13.FANG Zhixiong.Challenges and countermeasures for exploration and development of normal pressure shale gas in Southern China[J].Reservoir Evaluation and Development,2019,9(5):1-13.

    • [4] AL ALI A,BARTON S,MOHANNA A.Unique axial oscillation tool enhances performance of directional tools in extended reach applications[R].SPE 143216-MS,2011.

    • [5] WANG X,CHEN P,MA T,et al.Modeling and experimental investigations on the drag reduction performance of an axial oscillation tool[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2017,39:118-132.

    • [6] SKYLES L P,AMIRASLANI Y A,WILHOIT J E.Converting static friction to kinetic friction to drill further and faster in directional holes[R].SPE 151221-MS,2012.

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    • [10] FU J,REN Z,BAI J,et al.The friction-reducing principle and application of the drill string with a hydro-oscillator[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,165:453-461.

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